Бриги

Бриги (на гръцки: Βρύγοι или Βρίγες) е историческото име на народ, обитавал античните Балкани. Обикновено се смята, че са близки до фригите, които през класическата антична епоха населявали Западна Анадола. Смята се че и двете имена бриги и фриги произхождат от един корен. На базата на археологически проучвания някои учени (като Николас Хамънд, Юджийн Борза и др.) твърдят, че бригите/фригите спадат към лужишката култура, която мигрирала към Балканите през късната бронзова епоха.^[1]^[2]

История

Бригите са споменати за първо от Херодот, който ги асоциира с фригите, твърдейки, че според македоните бригите сменили името си на фриги след мигрирането им в Анадола.^[3] Смята се, че това преселение се е случило между 1200 г. пр.н.е. и 800 г. пр.н.е.^[4], може би като следствие от бронзовия колапс и в частност заради упадъка на хетското царство, които оставил властови вакуум. На Балканите бригите обитавали териториите на днешна Централна Албания и Северен Епир,^[5] както и Македония, основно западно от река Аксиос, но също така и Мигдония, която е завзета от Македонското царство в началото на V век пр. Хр.^[6] Изглежда, че те са живели мирно в съседство с останалите обитатели на Македония,^[7] но Евгамон в неговата Телегония, на базата на по-ранен епос, споменава, че Одисей ръководил армия от епирски теспроти срещу бригите.^[5] Малки групи бриги, след миграцията в Анадола и разширяването на Македонското царство, продължавали да живеят в Пелагония и около Епидамн.

Херодот също така споменава, че през 492 г. пр. Хр. някои тракийски бриги (на гръцки: Βρύγοι Θρήικες) нападнали персийския лагер през нощта, ранявайки самия Мардоний, но въпреки инцидента той продължил с военния поход, като в крайна сметка ги покорил.^[8] Бригите по-късно са споменати и от Плутарх в Успоредни животописи във връзка с Битката при Филипи като служители в лагера на Марк Юний Брут.^[9] Въпреки това съвременните историци твърдят, че не може да има връзка между тези и истинските бриги.^[10]

Етимология

Няма сигурна деривация за името и произхода на бригите. През 1844 година Херман Мюлер предполага, че името може да има същия индоевропейски корен като немската дума Berg (планина) и славянската брег (хълм, склон, планина).^[11] В такъв случай името би било сходно с това на келтските бриганти и германските бургунди,^[12] както и да е семантично свързана с някои аспекти на думата, означаваща „високи, издигнати, благородни“.^[13]

Лични и географски имена

Някои лични и географски имена, споменати от античните автори, може да са етимологично свързани с бригите:

Бригийски острови в Адриатическо море - споменати в Аргонавтика.^[14]
Бригияс или Бригиум – град в Лихнинийските блата.^[15]
Бригос (син на Афродисос) – епоним в Епидамн.^[16]^[17]
Бригос – атически глинен съд от V век пр. Хр.
Бригиндара (град),^[18] Бригиндис (местна богиня), бригиндариос (гражданин) на Родос.^[19]

Език

Основна статия: Фригийски език

Вижте също

Бележки

↑ Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65. "What can be established, despite an extremely slight archaeological record (especially along the slopes of Mt. Vermion), is that two streams of Lausitz peoples moved south in the later Bronze Age, one to settle in Hellespontine Phrygia, the other to occupy parts of western and central Macedonia."
↑ The Gordion Excavations 1950-1973: Final Reports Volume 4, Rodney Stuart Young, Ellen L. Kohler, Gilbert Kenneth, p. 53.
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 7.73. "The Phrygian equipment was very similar to the Paphlagonian, with only a small difference. As the Macedonians say, these Phrygians were called Briges as long as they dwelt in Europe, where they were neighbors of the Macedonians; but when they changed their home to Asia, they changed their name also and were called Phrygians. The Armenians, who are settlers from Phrygia, were armed like the Phrygians. Both these together had as their commander Artochmes, who had married a daughter of Darius."
↑ Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65.
↑ ^а ^б Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen. The Cambridge Ancient History, Part 2, The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1973.
↑ Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War, 2.99.
↑ Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as synoikoi (fellow inhabitant or neighbors) of the Macedonians."
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 6.45
↑ Plutarch. The Parallel Lives (Brutus).
↑ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians. Blackwell Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 111. "The presence of Bryges at Epidamnus in the account of Appian seems to be confirmed by other sources, including the Coastal Voyage attributed to Scymnus of Chios and Stabo's Geography. No later record of their presence in the area survives nor can any link be established with the Bryges of Thrace..."
↑ Müller, Hermann. Das nordische Griechenthum und die urgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Nordwestlichen Europas, p. 228.
↑ Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Berlin: de Gruyter 1995, v. Berg.
↑ Pokorny, Julius. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch // University of Leiden. с. 140–141. Архивиран от оригинала на 2011-08-09. Посетен на 2014-01-25.
↑ Apollonios Rhodios (translated by Peter Green). The Argonautika. University of California Press, 1997, ISBN 0-520-07687-7, p. 223. [Glossary] "Brygean Isles: A group of islands occupying the (supposed) Adriatic delta of the Istros R. (Danube) and sacred to Artemis."
↑ Hazlitt, William. The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane. Whittaker, 1851, p. 81. "Brygias (Brygium, Brucida), capital of the Brygi, Illyria, E. of Lychnitis palus on the Via Egnatia, bet. Lychnidus (13) and Scirtiana (4). Presba."
↑ Epigraphical Database – Epitaph of Brugos, son of Aphrodisios. White limestone cippus. Βρῦγος Ἀ[φ]ροδισίου χαῖρε.
↑ Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854 (Original from Harvard University), p. 452. Some of the Brygi were settled in Illyricum, where they dwelt apparently north of Epidamnos. Strabo assigns to them a town Cydriae.
↑ Craik, Elizabeth M. The Dorian Aegean. Routledge, 1980, ISBN 0-7100-0378-1, pp. 47-48. "The Greeks were aware that some such names had a foreign ring: it was said that the dried figs of the Brigindara region were 'barbarian' in name, though 'Attic' in the enjoyment they gave."
↑ Torr, Cecil. Rhodes in Ancient Times. Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4179-2188-9, p. 5. "The places whose ethnics were Amios, Amnistios, Astypalaeeus, Brycuntios, Brygindarios, Casareus, Diacrios, Dryites, Erinaeus, Istanios, Neopolites, Pontoreus, Rynchidas and Sybithios were probably not in the territory of Lindos; but there is nothing to shew the position of any of these, except that Rynchidas may be the ethnic of Roncyos."

[1] Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65. "What can be established, despite an extremely slight archaeological record (especially along the slopes of Mt. Vermion), is that two streams of Lausitz peoples moved south in the later Bronze Age, one to settle in Hellespontine Phrygia, the other to occupy parts of western and central Macedonia."

[2] The Gordion Excavations 1950-1973: Final Reports Volume 4, Rodney Stuart Young, Ellen L. Kohler, Gilbert Kenneth, p. 53.

[3] Herodotus. Histories, 7.73. "The Phrygian equipment was very similar to the Paphlagonian, with only a small difference. As the Macedonians say, these Phrygians were called Briges as long as they dwelt in Europe, where they were neighbors of the Macedonians; but when they changed their home to Asia, they changed their name also and were called Phrygians. The Armenians, who are settlers from Phrygia, were armed like the Phrygians. Both these together had as their commander Artochmes, who had married a daughter of Darius."

[4] Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65.

[IESE-5] а ^б Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen. The Cambridge Ancient History, Part 2, The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1973.

[6] Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War, 2.99.

[7] Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-691-00880-9, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as synoikoi (fellow inhabitant or neighbors) of the Macedonians."

[8] Herodotus. Histories, 6.45

[9] Plutarch. The Parallel Lives (Brutus).

[10] Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians. Blackwell Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 111. "The presence of Bryges at Epidamnus in the account of Appian seems to be confirmed by other sources, including the Coastal Voyage attributed to Scymnus of Chios and Stabo's Geography. No later record of their presence in the area survives nor can any link be established with the Bryges of Thrace..."

[11] Müller, Hermann. Das nordische Griechenthum und die urgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Nordwestlichen Europas, p. 228.

[12] Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Berlin: de Gruyter 1995, v. Berg.

[13] Pokorny, Julius. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch // University of Leiden. с. 140–141. Архивиран от оригинала на 2011-08-09. Посетен на 2014-01-25.

[14] Apollonios Rhodios (translated by Peter Green). The Argonautika. University of California Press, 1997, ISBN 0-520-07687-7, p. 223. [Glossary] "Brygean Isles: A group of islands occupying the (supposed) Adriatic delta of the Istros R. (Danube) and sacred to Artemis."

[15] Hazlitt, William. The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane. Whittaker, 1851, p. 81. "Brygias (Brygium, Brucida), capital of the Brygi, Illyria, E. of Lychnitis palus on the Via Egnatia, bet. Lychnidus (13) and Scirtiana (4). Presba."

[16] Epigraphical Database – Epitaph of Brugos, son of Aphrodisios. White limestone cippus. Βρῦγος Ἀ[φ]ροδισίου χαῖρε.

[17] Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854 (Original from Harvard University), p. 452. Some of the Brygi were settled in Illyricum, where they dwelt apparently north of Epidamnos. Strabo assigns to them a town Cydriae.

[18] Craik, Elizabeth M. The Dorian Aegean. Routledge, 1980, ISBN 0-7100-0378-1, pp. 47-48. "The Greeks were aware that some such names had a foreign ring: it was said that the dried figs of the Brigindara region were 'barbarian' in name, though 'Attic' in the enjoyment they gave."

[19] Torr, Cecil. Rhodes in Ancient Times. Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4179-2188-9, p. 5. "The places whose ethnics were Amios, Amnistios, Astypalaeeus, Brycuntios, Brygindarios, Casareus, Diacrios, Dryites, Erinaeus, Istanios, Neopolites, Pontoreus, Rynchidas and Sybithios were probably not in the territory of Lindos; but there is nothing to shew the position of any of these, except that Rynchidas may be the ethnic of Roncyos."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]